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Perspectives: Negotiating the Archive

            Archival work has captured the imagination of many in the fields of history, and the arts as a central reference point of primary documentation. Still, the private notes, memoirs, and works of great historians and artists have been gathered to compose useful autobiographical archives that complement their public productions. The work of archivist and curators, as well as those whose journals are documented, has overlapped much recently. Many artists and historians have even resorted to cooperating with museums and other archival institutions to construct their content in a given manner for the advancement of particular individual interests. Breakell has advanced the view that futuristic archival work and curators of original documents have grown to depart considerably from traditional notions. The fundamental tenets of archival theory like authenticity have been traversed by new concepts of continuity, complexity, and ambiguity, which have been witnessed recently. 

The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation

            McGrath’s expansive volume delves into an extensive field of the historiological analysis of the intellectual origins of the Reformation with an antidote of the contribution of the scholastic and the humanist movements. Written from the perspective of a reflective debate, the author presents four critical thematic tropes in the book, which capture the Reformation as a critical development and historical epoch^[1]. McGrath delves into the precedents of the Reformation in the medieval era, the contribution of renaissance perspectives, the anomalies persistently found in the reformation scholasticism and the influence of theological schisms of the late medieval period on the Reformation. Ideological developments are hard to pin down to single events or episodes. Therefore, McGrath asserts a great deal of effort in demonstrating the causes of the Reformation as an evolutionary process. In essence, McGrath indicates that the formation was the natural culmination of creative efforts, local and cosmopolitan interactions, academic and social forces working seamlessly to challenge the institutionalized theological development of society as a whole. 

Introduction to the Pathology 

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an illness that affects the lungs of newborns. The disease has higher prevalence rates in premature newborns. BPD affects how the breathing of newborns, making them require oxygen therapy. The oxygen is given through a breathing tube, a mask, and nasal prongs (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, n.d.). Proper gas exchange occurs when there is an increased lung surface area with an expanded number of blood vessels, an increased number of alveoli, and a thin alveolar-capillary barrier. The surface area of the lung increases at the later stages of lung development. These are the saccular and alveolar stages. This stage of lung development is interrupted in patients with BPD. This then leads to an ineffective respiratory system that cannot achieve gas exchange. Respiratory support is therefore needed to enable gas exchange. Advances in neonatal and perinatal care of preterm infants have changed the pathology of BPD. Treatments such as gentle ventilation, postnatal surfactant, and antenatal steroids have changed how BPD affects infants. The classic pathology of BPD was characterized by hypertensive remodeling of the pulmonary arteries, extensive alveolar septal fibrosis marked airway smooth muscle hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia. The new pathology is characterized by mild airway smooth muscle thickening, reduced dysmorphic vascular bed with rare epithelial lesions, and a simplified alveolar structure (Thekkeveedu, Guaman & Shivanna, 2017). 

Introduction

I. Part 1

The Yellow Wallpaper is a brief narrative authored by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The story was published in the year 1892. The writing is appraised for its demonstration of feminism and attributes of the women’s psychological and physical state of health during the 19th century (Subotsky 195). The author incorporated the duties women had during the 19th century and furthered on challenges such as the absence of another life apart from home and the energy of oppression from the community. This short story allowed other authors to follow the techniques incorporated and come up with their literature.