Month: April 2021

Introduction to the Pathology 

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an illness that affects the lungs of newborns. The disease has higher prevalence rates in premature newborns. BPD affects how the breathing of newborns, making them require oxygen therapy. The oxygen is given through a breathing tube, a mask, and nasal prongs (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, n.d.). Proper gas exchange occurs when there is an increased lung surface area with an expanded number of blood vessels, an increased number of alveoli, and a thin alveolar-capillary barrier. The surface area of the lung increases at the later stages of lung development. These are the saccular and alveolar stages. This stage of lung development is interrupted in patients with BPD. This then leads to an ineffective respiratory system that cannot achieve gas exchange. Respiratory support is therefore needed to enable gas exchange. Advances in neonatal and perinatal care of preterm infants have changed the pathology of BPD. Treatments such as gentle ventilation, postnatal surfactant, and antenatal steroids have changed how BPD affects infants. The classic pathology of BPD was characterized by hypertensive remodeling of the pulmonary arteries, extensive alveolar septal fibrosis marked airway smooth muscle hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia. The new pathology is characterized by mild airway smooth muscle thickening, reduced dysmorphic vascular bed with rare epithelial lesions, and a simplified alveolar structure (Thekkeveedu, Guaman & Shivanna, 2017). 

Introduction

I. Part 1

The Yellow Wallpaper is a brief narrative authored by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The story was published in the year 1892. The writing is appraised for its demonstration of feminism and attributes of the women’s psychological and physical state of health during the 19th century (Subotsky 195). The author incorporated the duties women had during the 19th century and furthered on challenges such as the absence of another life apart from home and the energy of oppression from the community. This short story allowed other authors to follow the techniques incorporated and come up with their literature.